Low Back Muscles
| Muscle | Attachement | Nerve Supply | Action | Special Tests |
| Erector Spinae | O: Broad tendon from iliac crest, posterior surface of sacrum, sacro-iliac ligaments I: Illiocostalis – superiorly to angles of lower ribs to transverse processes of cervical vertebrae Longissimus- superiorly to ribs between tubercles and transverse processes in thoracic and cervical regions and to mastoid process Spinalis – superiorly to spinous processess in upper thoracic region to cranium | Posterior rami of spinal nerves | – Extends vertebral column – laterally flexes vertebral column | ES Strength and Length Tests |
| Multifidus | O: Posterior sacrum, posterior superior iliac spine of ilium, S.I ligaments I: Obliquely, superomedially to lamina and transverse process or spinous process of vertebrae 2 segments superior | Posterior Rami of spinal nerves | – Stabilizes vertebrae during local movements of spinal column | Spine Rotators and Multifidus Test |
| Quadratus Lumborum | O: Inferior border of 12th rib and tips of L1-L5 transverse processes I: Iliolumbar ligament and internal lip of iliac crest | Anterior branches of T12 and L1- L4 nerves | – Extends vertebral column – Laterally flexes vertebral column | Quadratus Lumborum Length Test |
Dylan Crake RMT & R.KIN 
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